Business Administration Goals Essay

The world of business is one of the most complex yet interesting fields that an aspiring professional may dwell into. Business can turn a poor man into a tycoon just by venturing to franchise, invent a new device or work for a million-dollar company. Even though business may sometimes scare other individuals, it is also the very reason why others strive hard to be a part of the fast-moving commerce elites. As mentioned, it makes great impact to a person’s life. Hence, not all who took the risk was able to succeed, if business is not administered in the most effective way—it could cost a person a lifetime in paying debts. Conceivably, I belong to the group of aspiring individuals who dreams of having a company that will change lives of other people. Even though I am aware of the risks of petitioning myself to the lives of the privileged, I am whole-heartedly stepping forward to pursue my dream. My sole ambition is to serve the public with grace and wit—make ethical decisions and sustain financial stability—but before all that, I know I must be able to hone myself in becoming one. Success does not happen overnight. It requires determination and the right education to build an empire of assets. My dad is a business man. I grew up knowing that being a businessman means being a leader. It does not necessarily mean that I need to have constituents to lead, but that I need to be decisive. My father always told me that business tycoons who failed in the industry were nothing but greedy individuals who does not know a thing or two in making decisions—the ethical ones. Since then I promised to myself that I will be a leader who knows how to lead well. A person anchored not only with tangible assets but with knowledge. Entering college served as a crossroad for my dreams. I was torn between engineering and business. Most of my friends in high school encouraged me to enroll with engineering courses. For a while I was dumbfounded with the thought that neither of my friends wanted to become leaders of tomorrow—own a construction company per se. But my instinct was racing through my veins, as I turn every magazine that featured the finest business tycoons in the country, my heart pounded. I then knew I wanted to be like them. It was a field that I grew up with and it will be what I shall pursue. I had my degree in business administration. The goal that made me pursue my dream was a manifestation of my confidence. The training that I have received inside the walls of the classroom and off to the real world brought out the entrepreneur in me. During my academic years, my mentors taught me how to manage a business entity—the aptitude in solving problems which are based on the comprehension of tools, concepts, and theories of functional business disciplines. Aside from that, it is through education that I acquired the capability to excel functional borders, fusing and integrating information to create multifaceted, short-term decisions with limited data. Education has served me well in honing myself in becoming a capitalist of the 21st century. It was through commencing and conducting researches and divulge in competitive analysis that I was able to apply the strategies that I learnt. I realized that environmental scanning is necessary for long-term strategic decisions. To effectively harness and utilize the dawning of technology and employ such in the most deliberate manner was a mean of keeping one’s game alive. Competition is tight in the business arena. Each player must be prepared and must have forecasting methods to stay in the game. My goal is to enrich my knowledge on these fields which I know are beneficial for my future career. Every individual have a set of goals. Mine only happens not only to be a goal but also a dream that I have long wished to hold a grasp of. I want to improve the knowledge and skills that I have acquired in my tertiary years. I humbly believe that there is more to learn. Given the fact that I am determined to run a company that will provide employment for the underprivileged, I know I need to be equipped with the capacity to balance finances and be armed with managerial skills. In the light, I am optimistic that I will succeed. Every single lesson will help me in the future and possibly help others. I do not only wish to keep the knowledge that I have for myself but I also intend to share these with other aspirants—to help the next generation in raising the economy of the country. Globalization has expanded the face of business in the society. I consider every country an asset as new ordeals shall be discovered. Thus to be able to handle this massive weight of transactions I must learn the twists of every nation’s economy and become skilled at risk management. I am preparing myself for the worst. As mentioned earlier, anything can happen. Although quite on the contrary, I envision myself breaking boundaries. My goal now is to defy the trend of risk-taking; that given the efficient strategies, a blooming entrepreneur will not fail. Individuals who still believe in the necessity of the discipline of business administration to address real world, value laden issues would gain a foothold and began the long climb back to a place in the sun. As modularity becomes an established way of doing business, competition among fresh and old dogs in business will intensify. Nevertheless the society will look for the best-performing or lowest cost goods and services, spurring these increasingly sophisticated and independent suppliers into a race for innovation. The world is full of possibilities, they say. Therefore there is a spark of hope in the goals I have set. I may sound too idealistic in this sense but I am looking on the bright side. I will make my parents proud. I will reach my goals—no matter how tough the ride gets.

Production Possibilities

Production PossibilitiesProduction possibilities frontier (PPF) or more commonly known as transformation curve is a graph that demonstrates the difference between two goods that an economy with scarce resources could produce. There are two primary determinants that may greatly affect the orientation of the PPF of a nation. These are production functions and factor endowments. There is relatively a very big possibility for the PPF of a nation to shift inward. Instances such as the occurrence of war and technological disturbances that may cause technological growth and development to cease are two of the possible causes of a PPF inward shift. The Principle of Diminishing Marginal Returns can also affect the shift of the PPF of a nation. Other factors such as currency devaluation or technological and political innovation can also shift a nation's PPF inward.Figure 1 shows the inward shift of the PPF curve of a nation that has undergone war. Due to the war, the resources of the nation, w hich are primarily used to produce the food and medicine have been devastated. This devastation of the resources leads to decrease in the rate of technological innovations. Moreover, the war also gave rise to the currency devaluation of the nation. By these, it can be concluded that these instances can increase the possibility of the nation's PPF to shift inward.Given a fixed proportion of resources added with another unit of resource needed by a nation for the production of two goods and the machines needed by the nation in the production, the curve of the production possibility frontier of a nation would shift inward to  the left in time – this is due to the law of diminishing marginal returns. The law states that even though other units of resources are added to the nation's tool for production, the marginal output of the nation would decrement until it reaches negative. And when it reaches the negative value, the PPF curve of that nation would shift inward. Currency dev aluation also affects the inward shift of a nation's PPF curve when some of the nation's resources are being purchased from other nations. The decrease in the value of the nation's currency would affect the amount and the value of the resources purchased. Decline in the rate of innovations could also aid in the inward shift of the PPF curve of the nation since technological innovations may help develop and improve the production process.References:Devadoss, S., Song, W. (2003). Factor Market Oligopsony and the Production   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Possibility Frontier Review of International Economics, 11, 729-  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   744.RetrievedNovember 5, 2007 from SSRN database.Goodwin, N. R. (2007, October 9). Production possibility frontier. Retrieved November 5,   Ã‚   2007 from http://www.eoearth.org/article/Production_possibility_frontier.Parasuraman, N. S. (2002, May 1). Production-Possibility Frontier (PPF) Retrieved   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   November 5, 2007, from http://www.geocities.com/parasu41/PPF/.Suranovic, S. M. (2007). International Trade Theory and Policy [Electronic Version]. Retrieved November 5, 2007, from http://internationalecon.com/Trade/Tch60/T60-  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   7.php.

Hrm Issues

Identify 5 current trends in HRM and how these trends may effect the human resource practice of the company. Human resource management has evolved from its traditional function as workplace management to a more strategic partner in many companies. Many organizations are witnessing changes in its system due to global alignment. Some of the most observable trends in the human resource management are outsourcing, brain drain, globalization, modern management practice, and technological advancement. Human resource outsourcing has become a new accession in most midsize firms. Outsourcing HR has become a strategic tool that relieves businesses off its HR responsibilities and focus on their core business. Outsourcing also enables businesses to get the specialised services and have access to vast experience and knowledge. Besides, outsourcing can also help to reduce cost. For example, companies like Sime Darby Auto Connexion have outsourced their HR functions to Sime Darby Global Services Center (GSC). Sime Darby Global Services Centre (GSC) delivers high performance Finance & Accounting, Human Resource and Information Technology services to the Sime Darby's diverse business in the Asia Pacific Region – Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, China, Hong Kong, Macau, Indonesia and Singapore. Its mission is to provide their customers with cost competitive and high quality services. It is achieved by investing in people, processes and in the right technologies. GSC continuously seek for and invest in talents that are motivated to deliver outstanding performance and breakthrough ideas and solutions, which are key to providing unparalleled services to its clients. Another pressing trend in the human resource management is the flawed approach to it that has lead to a serious issue of brain drain. The main contributing factor to this condition is the harsh economic and political condition of the country and better opportunity, living and working condition in other countries. According to a recent news release in the Star Newspaper, 57% of Singapore’s professionals are Malaysians. The brain drain isn’t only a pressing issue in Malaysia but also in other countries such as Italy and South Africa. According to a recent article published in the Time Magazine, Italy is losing its best and brightest talents to decade of economic stagnation, frozen labor market and entrenched system of patronage and nepotism. Many of its young graduates are fleeing to countries like China, Dubai, Washington, etc where they feel their experience and skills are more valued. Human resource managers have to put serious consideration in addressing this issue. Many young talents leave their home country due to desire to further their careers. Many home companies will not be able to offer financial benefits or resources that are likely to satisfy the demands of these young talents. Thus, creative approach has to be undertaken retain these young talents by identifying other attractive measures to keep them rooted in the home country. The free flow of technology across national boundaries and the spread of Information Technology has presented an ever changing and competitive business environment. Many companies are opening up their economies to external forces and at the same time penetrating into other countries economy. With the aid of globalization, businesses can now concurrently conduct business in any part of the globe. Globalization has made the business process not only more efficient and effective, but more streamlined and modernized. The corporate sector has become more receptive and reactive as new and innovative ideas and opinions such as the outsourcing of labor have emerged. The advancement of technology has also tremendously affected the human resource management. Technology has transformed the way in which human resource personnel manage and communicate employee information and communicate with employee. For example, technologies like intranets, webinars and blogs have made communication among employees across the globe easier and faster. Employees can now collaborate virtually and form distant teams to get works done more effectively without the need to meet physically. They hold meetings and share visuals with teams from all over the world. Technology has also enabled traditional human resource functions such as trainings, seminars and meetings to be held in a more efficient manner via the aid of podcast, tele-seminars, online learning, screen capture and many other technology intensive gadgets. Technology has also brought about difference in employee recruiting. Employee profiles are now easily available via discussion sites such as Linkedln, Facebook, Twitter, Jobstreet and many other social websites. With so many profiles available, recruiting will never be the same again. What are the factors that need to be considered for recruitment and selection of the company? Recruitment and selection involves attracting the right applicants to apply for vacancies and choosing the best applicant to fill the post. Recruiting individuals to fill particular posts can be done either internally by recruitment within the firm, or externally by recruiting people from outside. There advantages of hiring internally as are as follows: †¢Save cost- as internal hires already have knowledge about the business operations and will not need much training and time to fit in. Internal promotions can motivate other employees within the company to work harder as it provides a clear sign that the organization offers room for advancement †¢The firm will know the recruit fills the position perfectly as he/she has already been working in the company and thus reducing the risk of hiring the inappropriate candidate. Disadvantages of hiring from within are: †¢It might create resentment among existing staff that are not promoted †¢Those who have been working in an organization for a long period of time may become familiar with expected methods of doing work and may not be able to identify improvements. Position of the promoted person will have to be replaced. Advantages of hiring externally: †¢External recruiting creates an influx of new ideas into the company. An outsider can review work processes with a fresh perspective and have innovative suggestions for change. †¢Able to hire someone with more knowledge, talent or experience if we have a larger selection of applicants to choose from. †¢When external employees are hired into organizations, especially into management positions, these outside hires don’t have political alliances already set up. This can help them implement new ideas without the â€Å"baggage† of past political battles. And these new ideas are easily accepted and executed by subordinates. Disadvantages of external hiring are that it is more costly and the company may end up with someone who proves to be less effective in practice than they did on paper and in the interview. To what extent the company has to go beyond the number game? HRM implies that planning has to go beyond the ‘numbers game' into the softer areas of employee attitudes, behaviour and commitment. The human resource function doesn’t just end in acquiring the ight amount of talent to fit job vacancies but also to place these candidates into jobs that best fits them to get the best out of the employees. These aspects are critical to HR development, performance assessment and the management of change. Employee attitude, behaviour and commitment can be said as employees’ viewpoint on aspects such as their career and th eir organization. Work situation is one of the major causes of employee attitude and human resource can help address these issues through organizational programs and management practice. Employee attitude, behaviour and commitment can affect the way employees do their job. Although companies can’t impact employee personality, selecting and placing candidates into jobs that fits them best will help to enhance job satisfaction. There are many ways that human resource department can undertake to improve employee job satisfaction that leads to positive employee behaviors such as: †¢Handling negative employee relations such as firing in an orderly manner so that it doesn’t affect the motivation of existing employee †¢Supporting job promotions for deserving employees Providing employees with supports/ aids- financial and morale during hard times †¢Equal share of workload among employees of the same job title †¢Supervision that is not too rigid or demanding or too involved in the work process †¢Supervision that supports and provides needed guidance to employees to complete their job †¢Offering recognition to employee efforts †¢Providing employees with meaningful jobs helps to create self-worth and image The above listed are just the few matters that human resource management division has to look into in order to improve job satisfaction of employees. With these measures looked into, organization can garner employee commitment towards and their continued participation in organization objectives. Committed workers will normally have good attendance records, demonstrate a willing adherence to organization policies and have lower turnover rates. Having a satisfied workforce can increase productivity of employees by reducing tardiness, absences, extended break hours and slow- downs. Satisfied workers may normally provide beyond the call of duty, have good work records, and participation in development activities. 1 + 1 can be more than 2 in HRM. Please discuss. Modern HRM is all about synergizing the workforce to work together and create more value than the total individual input. Allowing individuals to work together as teams can help organizations to achieve their goals. Effective work teams magnify the accomplishments of individuals and enable organizations to better serve customers. With the right amount of motivation, effective work culture, mobilized and empowered employee, these accomplishments can be attained. Empowering employees is one of the most effective method to achieve more within organization. Employee empowerment is when the management vests decision making and approval authority in employees which enables employees to make decisions about their work. Empowered employees feel a greater sense of professionalism, more motivated and feel committed to companies success. Employees who are equipped with the right tools, information and support to make a more informed decision, acts more quickly and thus accomplish more. Organization culture is also another important aspect for the foundation of empowering employee to be built. The organizations which successfully implement employee empowerment will have certain values at their core from which the process of empowerment can flow. Among these values are respect and appreciation for individuals and the value they bring to the organization. Culture of the organization must support the thrust of empowerment if there is any chance for success. For example, the working culture in Google allow every employee to be a hand –on contributor and at Google, everyone is believed to be equally important to its success. Googlers share cubes, yurts and huddle rooms and there are very few solo offices which enables them to work together as a team.

Catholic Saint Paper Term Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Catholic Saint - Term Paper Example As a result, the extensive Church identifies many saints in its history of existence as people of great influence and who exhibited the character of God in their lifetime. Sainthood denotes holiness where a saint is perceived as an individual of extreme holiness in accordance to the teachings of Jesus in the bible. Incidentally, the original version of a saint was a person who exemplified the true gospel of Jesus Christ in accordance to the holy bible. However, the expression changed when it was narrowly applied to refer to those who manifested gallant and virtuous lives and who were adored after their demise. The Catholic Church has a distinct process of recognizing saints. A large number of saints have to undergo canonization prior to their sainthood though some people become saints through acclamation. In both instances, one must be dead and evidence of miracles, and moral living should exist. It is not easy to become a saint in modern day culture because of the corrupted nature o f society making it difficult for holy and virtuous living. The Roman Catholic Church is perceived by its followers as a church established to foster Christ’s teachings and promote holiness here on earth. ... The aspect of saints and processes of declaring saints is noted in ‘the principles of catholic dogma’, which is a book that prescribes the fundamentals of the church. Saints are often declared after their deaths, and there is a distinct process that has to be strictly followed before one is announced as being a saint. One distinct aspect of sainthood is veneration. Procedures of crowing people as saints have undergone a number of alterations, but the essence of the practice has remained the same. Though it was reserved for public approval, the course of declaring saints changed to aspects of public and church participation that proves beyond any reasonable doubt that the person in question was of great faith, extraordinary attributes, and most importantly exemplified holiness. Catholics express much faith in the institution of sainthood and are most inclined to venerate saints once the church confirmed that they deserved worship. Some controversies have prevailed over th e entire aspect of sainthood especially the aspect of describing human beings as holy. Some quarters have argued that human beings cannot be holy terming the attribute as the preserve of God. Similarly, the aspect of veneration of saints has been opposed by some sections of the society as blasphemy and expressed worship as only reserved to God. In all these the Catholic Church still practices sainthood, which is a firm pillar of the church. Sainthood has been an essential of the Catholic Church since the days of yore, and the practice has prevailed over time though with several modifications of how the process of conferring sainthood is done. Sainthood is an epitome of holiness in the Catholic Church;

Visitor centre Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Visitor centre - Essay Example Considering that the terrain is a pond, the piles are designed such that the loads from the footings are transmitted to the underlying strata with enough bearing capacity to support the load without settlement. Notice that all columns are within the wall perimeter, both internal and exterior walls. Since all exterior walls shall be of glazing, it would be aesthetically appropriate to have the glazing occupy the full width of a span then being split into two with a central column. As mentioned previously, the footings will convey the loads to the piles which in turn are supported by rigid strata. Lateral loads (wind, ground movement) are countered by beams connected to the columns. The only beams inclined from the horizontal are the roof beams which support the grass roof. The structure in this scheme is fairly stable as long as the beams are of the adequate size and the beam-to-column connections are sufficiently anchored to each other. The only issue would be the stability of the foundation, thus a comprehensive geotechnical study has to be done to determine the most suitable type of foundation. Scheme 2 is recommended for the proposed structure. The addition of intermediate beams to support the slab would translate to the reduction in the size of the members. Although more columns can be introduced in the structure, it may not be economical for the reason that more foundation must be made to support it. However, more columns would result in less loads carried by each footing, there is the danger of differential settlement to deal with. Ultimately, an extensive geotechnical study must be conducted to determine the best foundation in this case. When the type of foundation is determined, the structural framing can then be designed to suit the type of foundation whether be it pile or mat foundation which almost is the case for small bearing capacities typical of soft soils. The structure shall have bigger girders (column-to-column) beams and smaller intermediate beams. References: McCarthy D., (2006) Essentials of Soil Mechanics and Foundations: Basic Geotechnics. Salmon C., Johnson, J., Malhas, F. (2008) Steel Structures: Design and Behavior. USA: Prentice

Management Accounting Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Management Accounting - Research Paper Example The intention of this study is management accounting as the process of generating reports that enable managers to assess how the company is performing in relation to competitors. By contrast, financial accounting provides reports for external stakeholders such as the shareholders. Financial accounting reports are also prepared according to the generally accepted accounting principles. However such rules are not applicable to management accounting. Thus a management accountant can apply his own discretion in preparing the required report. Management accounting is defined on the basis of several assumptions. The first assumption is related to the goal of management accounting. The goal of management accounting is to assist the management in maximizing the net profit of the company. The second assumption is that the management is able to control the success of the company to some extent so that its performance is not completely dependent upon market forces. The role of management is to apply planning and control to impact upon organizational performance. Management accounting is defined based upon the assumption that it is meant to provide a set of decision making tools that the management will apply to enhance organizational performance. As mentioned before, the role of management is to apply planning and control. Planning and control can be applied in marketing, production or finance. Therefore the definition of management accounting must include decision making in marketing, production and finance. ... As mentioned before, the role of management is to apply planning and control. Planning and control can be applied in marketing, production or finance (Lillis & Mundy, 2005). Therefore the definition of management accounting must include decision making in marketing, production and finance. Management accounting derives its definition also from the assumptions that the management makes about the accounting department. The management expects the accounting department to provide data that will assist in marketing, production and financial decision making. Finally, management accounting must be defined based upon the assumption that accounting information must be customized to the decision making tool involved. Sometimes this involves defining the nature of the accounting information according to fixed and variable costs (Emsley, 2005). Management accounting as a process must incorporate all these assumptions. The sources of management accounting data can be both external and internal. T he role of management is to apply planning and control techniques in influencing the organizational performance. To meet this objective, the management must access data from both the internal environment and the external environment. Management accounting data from the internal environment enables the management to assess the organizational performance. The data from the external environment, such as the data on competitors and demand, enable the management to compare organizational performance with market performance. Thus these sources of data enable the management to understand whether the company is performing above or below the market average. As mentioned before, one of the assumptions

Wayne Williams (Atlanta Child Killer) Case Study

Wayne Williams (Atlanta Child Killer) - Case Study Example The deaths were as a result of asphyxiation and strangulation. On each of the recovered victim, there were varying types of microscopic evidence ranging from dog fur, carpet fibers, and blanket fibers. It was noted that once the facts about the killings were publicized by the press, the killings went on, but the victims started appearing nude or partially nude in the Chattahoochee River (Nickell, 2011). The change in the killer’s way of handling the victims was a clear indication that the killer was keen on the media’s reports regarding the killings and was determined to clear any signs of trace evidence (Mallard, 2009). In May of 1981, intelligence officials were in high hopes of getting the killer whereby they launched surveillance along the Chattahoochee River. As they were carrying out surveillance, intelligence officers heard a loud splash and then saw a station wagon in the area along the river. At the time of the splash, there was no immediate discovery of any body. However, the intelligence offers went on to question the 23-year-old male driver who admitted that he had dropped a bag of garbage into the water. On the second day after the questioning of the driver, the body of a young black male was discovered in the Chattahoochee River at a location downstream from where intelligence officers questioned the driver (Lester, 1995). Forensic examination of the identified body revealed that the body had unique man-made yellow and green carpet fibers. This crucial evidence was found on the victim’s hair, and it matched fiber evidence identified on other victims. This piece of evidence made intelligence officers conduct a search in Wayne Williams’ house, where yellow and green carpet material was identified across many areas of the house. Convinced by the discovery of fiber that matched that found on Wayne’s carpeting material, intelligence officers were in no doubts that the killer they had been

The impact of increasing environmental concerns on the operation of Essay

The impact of increasing environmental concerns on the operation of aircraft and the aircraft maintenance industry - Essay Example Noise pollution affects the people the most, the major side affect of the problem among a number of other aircraft operations and maintenance problems, compelling governments to reconsider the cost of mobility, economic growth and safety of their people. Airport expansion plans have suffered a set back because of increasing environmental impact on air quality, water quality and community noise (Waitz et al., 2004). Discussion Airport operations that affect environment include a number of functions such as the operation of aircraft, maintenance of airport and passenger vehicles and airport ground service equipment (GSE), cleaning and maintenance function, deicing and anti-icing of aircraft and airfields, fuelling and fuel storage of aircraft and other ground transport besides airport facility maintenance functions and airport construction (Luther, 2007). Airport authorities must consent to enforce environmental mitigation initiatives before asking permission for expansion of the airpo rt from the local and state bodies. Community concern has shelved many expansion projects because of issues related to environment. Aviation related environment regulations have been in force from many years but these regulatory compliance issues have become very touchy to be implemented because of ever-increasing air travel. With the addition of new compliance needs airport operations have got transformed with huge investment needed and change in operation processes. Certain crucial issues have emerged due to noise pollution, changes in Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulations concerning aircraft and airfield deicing operations, changes to EPA regulations on oil spill preventive measures and state and local agency directives to inspect and manage air pollution, particularly harmful air pollutants (Luther, 2007). According to the Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board (ASEB, 2000), the aviation industry needs to look crucial current and future environmental issues such as: takeoff and approach noise causing various technology related issues for subsonic and supersonic aircraft flyover noise emerging from moderate speed and height in noiseless areas sonic booms and hyper booms caused by thermo-spherical refraction and reduced noise volume remains of sonic booms taxi and engine run-up noise fuel venting and fuel dumping emission of CO, hydrocarbons, and NOx in the airport area (below 3,000 feet) formation of vapour trail emissions of CO2 emissions in the upper troposphere and stratosphere from both subsonic and supersonic aircraft of water vapour, NOx, sulphur particles and carbon particles possibility for greenhouse effects and reduction in stratospheric ozone International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO, 2011) has defined the issue related to environmental concerns stating that emissions of aircraft engines are like any other emissions caused by fossil fuel burning but the difference between both types of emissions is that aircraft emissions are e xtra-ordinary as a good chunk is released at a height. Crucial environment concerns get raised for emissions’ worldwide impact, affecting the local air quality on the surface. As per the Special Report on Aviation and the Global Atmosphere published in 1999, the gases and particles released by the aircraft change the atmospheric density of greenhouse gases,

Effect and Influence of Social Factor on Business Essay

Effect and Influence of Social Factor on Business - Essay Example This essay focuses on the significance of the social aspect in the PEST analysis in regards to a business from apparel manufacturing industry. Environmental analysis is a marketing function which includes study of all external factors that may determine the success or failure of a business. Relatively qualitative in nature, this analysis involves identifying of environmental variables, scanning them, analyzing and finally forecasting of business situation. Environmental analysis is significant for a business to survive and grow. This analysis helps in identifying the probable opportunities and threats to a business. It opens new avenues for business activity expansion and also provides opportunities for discovering and exploitation of business. PEST analysis is an acronym for â€Å"political, economic, social and technological.† Its purpose is to conduct analysis and identify various external factors that might affect business and also to help in market research.Social aspect of PEST analysis includes factors such as age distribution, income level, education, diet and nutrition, religion, population growth, consumerism, social class, and expectation of society from business. It also includes buying trends, change in lifestyle, cultural aspects, ethics, publicity factors, advertising, media, career attitudes, health consciousness and emphasis on safety. Social trends to a great extent affect demand for a product The social factor from PEST analysis creates various opportunities at a global, national and international level. ... It enables business and organizations to understand future problems and face them boldly. This analysis helps organizations in expanding their business while contributing towards social groups and causes. Environmental analysis keeps guiding the organizations from time to time about changes in socio economic conditions at the same time enabling them to take benefit of technological developments, government policies etc. Apart from providing various opportunities environmental analysis also helps business in identifying threats from competitor and other sources. Threats are uncontrollable and can put survival of organization or business at stake. Environmental analysis overcome organization’s threat and also helps in identifying competencies of business. Identification of one PEST factor PEST analysis is an acronym for â€Å"political, economic, social and technological.† Its purpose is to conduct analysis and identify various external factors that might affect business and also to help in market research. Out of all the factors from PEST analysis I am considering Social factor for discussion about how it affects business. Social aspect of PEST analysis includes factors such as age distribution, income level, education, diet and nutrition, religion, population growth, consumerism, social class, and expectation of society from business. It also includes buying trends, change in lifestyle, cultural aspects, ethics, publicity factors, advertising, media, career attitudes, health consciousness and emphasis on safety. Social trends to a great extent affect demand for a product (Miller 1992). Industry considered Considering apparel manufacturing industry for

Teddys Supplies CEO Essay Example for Free

Teddys Supplies CEO Essay Mr. Moore it is in my firm opinion that you settle this case so your company can move on and not be impacted on this matter any longer. I feel the longer this plays out the longer your company could suffer financially and publicly. You need to get in front of this and have the press stopped. In my opinion you are looking at worst case scenario of damages by this case could be exponential. You company still has legal fees for any and all attorneys you are hiring to fight this battle. You are having to pay more in Public Relations to stay in the fore front of press. You are not only going to have to pay out money you could possibly lose money. Since the word is out you could lose contracts, and as well as any customers that may do business with you just base on the perception of the company. You will have to pay unemployment charge backs, as well as your unemployment rates are going to increase. If you will look into Case In the Matter of Reuben Starishevsky, Petitioner, v. Hofstra University et al., Respondents. This shows how a company/ organization can lose the appeal and have to reinstate the employee’s job along with back pay. I suggest you look this over and put a game plan together with your attorney on how to overcome in your case. The circuit court overturned the decision of the NJ Human Rights Commission that had found that Pollard was the victim of sexual harassment and disparate treatment. Please answer these questions: Define sexual harassment, including both quid pro quo and hostile environment harassment. Which type(s) do you feel Pollard was a victim of (if either)? Provide law or a case to support your position. If you feel Pollard was not a victim of  harassment in this case, explain why you feel that way, and provide law or a case to support your position. Name an appellate court case in which an employer was found liable for either quid pro quo or hostile environment sexual harassment. Describe the facts of the case and the decision the court came to in the case. Explain whether you think that case applies to Pollards case (why or why not) and whether you would want to use this case in Teddys favor or whether Pollard may use it in her favor. Include the citation to the case and a link to it online. Do you agree that Pollard was disparately treated? Why or why not? In your answer, define disparate treatment. Does the existence of a sexual harassment policy pro vide a defense to Teddys in this case? Why or why not? (Include the name and citation of at least two federal or state sexual harassment cases that provide precedent support to your defense statement.) Quid pro quo harassment typically occurs when a supervisor makes a request for a sexual favor in return for giving an employee an employment-related benefit: a raise, a promotion or a positive job review, for instance. Quid pro quo harassment can consist of a single or numerous sexual advances or demands. Quid pro quo harassment typically occurs when a supervisor makes a request for a sexual favor in return for giving an employee an employment-related benefit: a raise, a promotion or a positive job review, for instance. It may involve a direct or implied threat of retaliation if the employee does not agree to the request. This case should not fall under either case. I do not feel that this is a quid pro quo case due to the fact that there was not a manager involved in the harassment. As well that I do not think that the hostile work environment should hold, due to the fact that this is a reoccurring event with this staff and that she was involved in many acts and not that she had cla imed a case on. In the case of GEORGETTA KINNISON, Plaintiff-Appellant vs. ADVANCE STORES COMPANY, INC., et al., Defendants-Appellees. Facts of the case are that Georgetta filed a complaint against Advanced Auto Parts, and Russell Pitts the store manager alleged that she was offered a job at the store. She compiled all the paperwork to commence her employment. Part of her training she had to come to the store in the morning so she would be familiar to the opening procedures. Once she arrived there the Manager wanted her to engage in other acts of sexual Nature. She then refused and stated she was just wanted to work at Advanced  Auto. Advanced Auto was trying to say that since she did not have hours, she was not technically an employee of the company. The individual who is denied a job because he or she declined to submit to the sexual demands of the potential employer also has standing to bring a claim on a theory of quid pro quo harassment, however, because the denial of employment is an employment decision affecting the individual. See Ohio Admin Code 4112-5-05(J)(7) [**8] 1 . Because of this, status as an employee at the time the sexual demands are made is not necessarily a prerequisite to maintaining a cause of action for gender discrimination on the basis of quid pro quo ha rassment. 2003-Ohio-3387; 2003 Ohio App. LEXIS 3055; 92 Fair Empl. Prac. Cas. (BNA) 314. Retrieved from www.lexisnexis.com/hottopics/lnacademic. I think this is case could apply as a defense and they can use it showing that the employee was not sexual harassed quid pro quo. In disparate treatment the employee must show that he or she was treated differently than other employees who dont share the same protected characteristic. Similarly situated the comparable employees were and whether the employer’s decision was made because of the employee’s protected characteristic or for other reasons. I do feel that she was treated differently since she was a female, but I do not think that she opposed this treatment and was having just as much fun as everyone else was. I do not think that she has a case. I feel that if she ultimately felt that they was wrong doing she would have filed a complaint with her supervisor or even filled out the online form when she first encountered the first act. Having a policy does not guarantee that an employer is free from liability i f a harassment case is brought against the company. In Gorzynski v. JetBlue Airways Corp. the Court ruled that that whether a plaintiff’s complaints to the harasser constitute reasonable availment of an employer’s sexual harassment policy is to be determined by the specific facts and circumstances of each case, regardless of there being a policy in place. Review the sexual harassment policy that Teddys has in place and that Virginia Pollard signed. Virginia Pollard claims she had planned to make an anonymous complaint but the website allowing that was down on the day she tried to do so. During the Human Rights Commission case, a review of the website statistics shows that Virginia accessed the website for downloading dental coverage forms at least three times during the time frame of the  alleged discrimination. The commission determined that this ability of Teddys to track employees use of the site was a violation of their anonymity and therefore refused to consider this information. The circuit court did consider thi s in their decision. Provide three recommendations to the CEO for a way to ensure that employees in the future cannot claim technical issues for why they didnt make a complaint. Explain, in your recommendations, the legal consequences to an employee if they do not utilize the complaint mechanism of the sexual harassment policy. Support these recommendations with current case law. In reviewing the policy in place and the chain of commands to which to file a complaint. I can see where there could be some changes. Three recommendations that the company could put into place would be to ensure there is a tracking protocol and log kept of any and all downtime that has occurred with the website, that my hinder people accessing the site. Have another way to file a complaint such as a hotline the employees could call in whether there is a site outage or that an employee may not have internet access. Make sure this is training and a program put into place so the employees both female and male both feel comfortable to file a claim. Make sure they know that in the event they fail to file the correct paperwork or fail to notify a supervisor or upper-management of such event that they forfeit their right to sue the company. Two cases that show this type of implementation is MELODY G. COBB, APPELLANT v. COMMUNITY ACTION COUNCIL FOR LEXINGTON-FAYETTE, BOURBON, HARRISON, AND NICHOLAS COUNTIES, INC. AND WILLIAM F. HINTON, APPELLEES and EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION, Plaintiff, v. THE FINISH LINE, INC., Defendant. These supervisors did not promote a hostile environment, but have the authority to hire, fire, and discipline the employees as deemed necessary. How would Pollards case be impacted if her replacement had been a female? Would her case be different? Would her damages be different? Explain your answer. I do not think that would change anything in the case. I feel that she would have filed the same suit and the company would be in the same standing even if they hired another female to replace her. I think she is just upset that someone filed a complaint against her and now she is trying to retaliate and say that she was the victim in the situation. If she really felt as though she was a victim she would have initially filed a complaint or told a supervisor. She already had a history of not following  the rules of the company by making personal phone calls while at work.

Best marketing mix for selling refrigerators

Best marketing mix for selling refrigerators Wholesaler and retailer have many resembles, but also they have many differences. Wholesaler and retailer are working together for making a profit. Wholesaler sells to the retailer, retailer sell the products to the end consumer. Wholesaler sell only on large quantities and their prices are for whole quantities, on the other hand retailer sells on smaller quantities and is marked up from the wholesalers prices. Wholesaler and retailer receive goods from wide range of different sources and then redistribute them to convenient locations along with a marketing package that is valued by their customer of the final consumer according to Brassington and Pettitt (2003). There is a big distinction between wholesaler and retailer, because wholesaler is focused on business B2B (business to business), on the other hand retailer is focused on B2C (business to consumer). Retailer is the most important part in business, because they connect brands to final consumer. As Philip Kotler and Gary Armstrong (2010) retailing includes all the activities involved in selling products or services directly to the final consumer for their personal, nonbusiness use. Also, retailer has much more cost than wholesaler. For example: rent, employees, taxes, loss/breakage, advertising. On the other hand wholesalers have to pay for less stuff. For example: the phone bill or clerks payroll for taking an order. Wholesaler is also an important par in business. Wholesalers help the manufacturers to reach many small customers at a low cost, wholesaler also select items and build assortments to sell to their customers and many other aspects. According to Philip Kotler and Gary Armstrong (2010) there are four types of wholesalers: Merchant wholesalers are the largest single group of wholesalers, accounting for roughly 50% of all wholesaling. They have two broad types: full service wholesalers and limited-service wholesaler. A broke brings buyer and sellers together and make negotiations. Agents represent buyers and sellers on a more permanent basis. 1 Personal Selling is the impersonal arm of the promotion mix. A companys salesperson create and communicate customers value through personal personal interactions with customers (Kotler and Armstrong , 2010). Personal selling is available for many years and maybe this is the oldest profession in the world. People who do selling have many different names such as salesperson, sales representative, district managers, account executives, sales consultants, sales engineers, agents and account development reps. Personal selling according to Keegen Green (2011) is person-to-person selling communications between a company representative and a prospective buyer. On the whole, the salesperson is persuading the potential customer to make a purchase and his job is to present the product well by using its advantages and disadvantages. Also the main step in persuading a person to make a sale is to understand customers` needs and organize the company`s efforts to solve customers problems. Most of t he salespersons are well-educated, well-trained professionals who add value for customers and make customer relationships. Keegen Green (2011) share that personal selling is also a popular marketing communication tool in countries with various restrictions on advertising. The term salesperson cover a wide range of positions for example they can be an order taker such as the department store salesperson, who is standing behind the counter. According to Armstrong and Kotler (2011) personal selling involves interpersonal interactions between salesperson and individual customers whether face-to-face, by telephone, via e-mail, through video or Web conferences, or by other means. Actually, many people consider that personal selling can be much more useful and better than advertising the products. Salesperson always can explore, probe the customer, to learn about their problems and to implement an marketing offer to them, which will fit the potential customer`s needs. Advertising in WEBSITES v. Advertising in DAILY NEWSPAPERS 2Advertising is a tool to persuade people to purchase a goods or services. It is mostly used by business firms, organizations, agencies to promote their products to various target publics. According to Kotler and Armstrong (2008) you have to make four important decisions, when developing and starting an advertising program: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Setting advertising objectives this is the first step and it should be defined very well, also it should be based on past decisions. Advertising should be accomplished with a specific target audience for a period of time. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Setting the advertising budget according to Kotler and Armstrong (2011) there are four common methods used to set the possible budget. Affordable method Percentage of sales method Competitive parity method Objective and task method à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Developing advertising strategy it consist of two important elements to be your advertising good: Advertising messages Selecting advertising media à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Evaluating advertising campaigns to choose the best places for you campaign according to you target mission. Advertising is defined by Kotler Armstrong (2005) as any paid form of non-personal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods or services through mass media such as newspapers, magazines, television or radio by an identified sponsor. 3Advertising in websites is one of the most known types of advertising. It has its advantages, but on the other hand it has many some limitations, disadvantages. On the whole, it is good to advertise in websites, because you have high selectivity, low cost, immediacy and many interactive capabilities. But also we should have in mind the disadvantages such as demographically skewed audience, relatively low impact, audience controls exposure. Online advertising appear as banners, pop-ups, flash movies, email advertising, backgrounds, wallpapers and so on. Here you can see an example of banners: Sources: www.abv.bg, www.vbox7.com , www.sportni.bg A great advantage of advertising online is that you can administrate and run your media anytime. And there are different types of purchasing your advertisement, but of them are most used: CPC (Cost per click) advertisers pay only when visitors click on banners and are redirected to their websites. CPA (Cost per action) when a member complete a transaction, such as a purchase or sign-up. Advertiser , in most cases,prefer this type of advertising, because it ignores any inefficiency in the sellers. CPM (Cost per Mile) also it is as cost per impressions Advertiser pay per thousand impressions or loads of his advertisement, which has shown in the website. Paul Baines, Chris Fill and Kelly Page (2008) claim that these forms of advertising are best way to drive traffic to your website and also encourage people to make a purchase. Also they assert that online advertising the fastest growing advertising medium in history. As Frances Brassington Stephen Pettitt print media, such as local and national newspapers, special interest magazines and trade publications, have thus become the primary focus for most organizations. Advertising in newspapers give us the opportunity to communicate with our potential customers quickly and flexible. Newspapers are regularly scheduled publications, which contains news, articles, information and advertisements. This type of advertising offers us a wide range of advertising opportunities and audiences. There are two types of newspapers: 4 Daily newspapers: are published every day with some exceptions. For example on Sundays and some holidays. They are issued in the morning and they consist of advertising inserts, stories, news from the previous day and are posted at the last page some jokes and crosswords. Weekly newspapers: this are newspapers which are smaller than daily newspapers and are also published two-three times a week. Newspapers are of the most used types of advertising and their advantage is that they can be afforded not only by national chains of retailers, car manufacturers but also to small companies, which start a business. The main problem of newspaper advertising according to Brassington Pettitt (2006) is targeting. It is linked to its cost-efficiency and advertisers want to have more selection in targeting, because in newspapers wastage rates is high. Newspapers have shorter lifespan, because they are used and people throw them and do not use more. BENEFITS SOUGHT or DEMOGRAPHIC segmentation Market segmentation is the process of dividing large heterogeneous markets into smaller, homogeneous subsets of people or business with similar needs and/or responsiveness to marketing mix offerings (Kinnear and Bernhardt, 1990). Segmentation have wide definition. There are many examples of market segmentation: when you go to a shop in soft-drinks section you will find soft-drinks to different brads, with sugar, no sugar, with and without caffeine, in different flavors, in returnable bottles, in cans, in individually containers or in six packed- this is the concept of market segmentation. Segmentation has many types, but in this paper will be reviewed only two: benefits sought and demographic segmentation. Benefits sought is a type of segmentation and it groups people in different benefits that they seek from the product. According to Gary Armstrong Philip Kotler (2011) benefit segmentation requires fining the major benefits people look for in the product class, the kinds of people who seek for each benefit, and the major brands that deliver each benefit. And also they give some examples: 5 Fit and Polish consumer want something, which is balanced between function and style, they exercise for results but want to look good doing it. Serous Sports Competitors they desire a combination between performance and function. Value Seeking Moms they are shopping for the family and they are looking for durability and value. Thus, each segment seek a different mix of benefits. Gary Armstrong Philip Kotler (2011). Demographic segmentation is concerned about segments, which are based on Age consumer needs and want change with age Gender this segmentation is used in clothing, cosmetics, toiletries and magazines. Family size family life cycle Income Occupation Education levels of population Religion Race Family Nationality Generation 6According to Gary Armstrong Philip Kotler (2011) demographic segmentation is the most popular bases for segmenting groups. As Thomas Kinnear Kenneth Bernhardt (1990) segmentation is the most popular way marketers identify important market segments and target markets. Demographic changes can create opportunities for marketing innovation according to Wareen Keegen Mark Green (2011). Moreover they give us an example of two entrepreneurs in France, who have significantly improved their business. They started with a small specialized stores of about 5000 square meters floor space and as a demographic segmentation they made a big corporation and now they are one of the biggest companies in the world. Analysis section: As we saw in this paper, selling is not an easy task. You should have many skills, you have to find customers needs to persuade them to buy and the most important thing is the customer to be satisfied from the product, which he bought. Nowadays, it is difficult to decide which distribution channel, marketing mix or which segmentation to use because the world is becoming more and more different and people are influenced by different things. Selling refrigerators is actually difficult, because every people have different preferences. What is best for selling refrigerators wholesalers-retailers connection or personal selling, which has been proved with the years as one of the best ways to sell something. Wholesaler-retailer is a good method to sell refrigerators in this particular case, because it is possible not to have the products, which customer is need and immediately you may purchase them from the wholesaler, it will ask the manufacturer for the given type of refrigerator and del ivery will be done. The customer will be glad that have receive a refrigerator, which he want most and the wholesaler-retailer will be satisfied that will earn money. On the other hand personal selling is other good way for selling refrigerators, because you are with the potential customer and you could easily to understand what are his desires and to suggest the best product, which will fit the customer. In this paper I will use the results of a marketing research, which was made in Sofias malls. 7Figure1. Who influenced men and women, when shopping. In our marketing research men and women were asked about the person, who influenced their decision, when making a purchase or who they asked when they have questions concerned about the best product. In Figure1 we can see that men and women request assistance, when they are buying something. Lets assume that these men and women will buy refrigerator, they will be influenced by shop assistant, which means that personal selling is a good method to persuade the customer to make a purchase. I do not want to say that wholesaler-retailer is not a method which help running many business. On the whole, it will help and will be a way of selling, but according to customers opinions, personal selling is better. What about the advertising, nowadays there is so much that sometimes managers get confused. One of the most powerful advertising tools available are websites and newspapers. In our case, which will help us more to persuade people to buy a refrigerator. Once more we will make a consultation to our previous marketing research about which advertising influenced more men and women. Figure 2. Which advertising influenced men and women as potential buyers. 8 Advertising in websites or newspapers is the given task in our case. Actually I have to mention here that Internet is becoming more and more in our live, so advertising in websites will be one of the most preferable places to advertise your product. In figure 1 we can see that men and women are influenced by advertisements in newspapers and magazines. Moreover, nowadays, most managers and companies decide to advertise their products by magazines, newspapers. For example we can find their offers freely everywhere. Most companies published every week a magazines/newspaper with their top and cheap products. Really, advertising in Internet is a good idea, we can have a strong advertisement, but is not preferred than newspapers. In newspapers customers may see a large photo of the product, their options and advantages, while in Internet they can only saw a banner and nothing more. People who want to buy technologies are more common to be influenced by advertisements in newspapers or magaz ines. So, as a conclusion we have to have in mind the customers preferences and their opinion about what influenced them to make a purchse and here newspapers advertising is better than advertising in internet. Definitely, advertising in Internet give us a grat opportunity to choose between different types to run our advertisements and to target specific group of people, but we observe that people are more influenced by advertisements in newspapers. Benefits sought and Demographic segmentations are appropriate for selling refrigerators, in our case. As to Palmer (2000) customer are becoming increasingly diverse in their needs. According to him some of the bases for identifying different types of customer are familiar such as age, gender, geographical location. Other such as attitudes and lifestyle. The main mission of segmentation is to identify groups of people, who will buy and respond to an offer. In our particular case, demographic segmentation and benefits sought will help us to sell more refrigerators. According to Jobber (1998) when examining criteria, the marketer is trying to identify good predictors of differences in buyer behavior. So, here you find analyses about better segmentation when purchasing a refrigerator. 9Benefits sought determine the people with different preferences, on the other hand demographic segmentation help us to find the best place to advertise our product. For example if we advertise in newspapers, we can choose the best place, which meets our targets and to advertise there. Demographic segmentation give us the opportunity to segment people and to choose best part, where we will buy more. Benefits sought also segment people according to their preferences. For example some people will need a white, black, noir or purple refrigerator, others will want to buy small or big, others will prefer to have a refrigerator which have many options (such as to make ice, to purified water and so on). In general, refrigerators are unique product among the white technologies and every family needs this technology. In an ideal world, each individual buyers would be considered to have 10unique set of needs, which they seek to satisfy Palmer (2000).

Effect of Technology on Employee Satisfaction

Effect of Technology on Employee Satisfaction Technology and employee attitude, Motivation, Job satisfaction and Health ABSTRACT While creating this report we tried to present technology from different point of view. We can see that the technology has both a positive and negative side in society. Positive in a sense that peoples life cycle is changing. They are motivated to do work. Even the companies can expand their business and can be connected by network with the other branches. Technology development is also seen beneficial for health. New equipments are invented that is causing various maladies to be cured. Technology has a huge impact on performance of people. They are enthusiastic to do any kind of job which is related to the technology. So the help of technology in our life is countless yet since it leads to deskilling. An effect on worker who once needed a skill but no longer needed as it has been taken up by new technology. Technology has made people idle as well as made the work easier and time consuming for the people. In this whole report we basically focused on how technology has impact on indiv idual segment like employee attitude, motivation, job satisfaction and health. A study investigated the effects of new technologies, specifically visual display units, on psychosomatic complaints and job satisfaction. Attention was focused on the influences of the work situation (job contents, employee participation), of attitudes and individual differences. The report contains the effect of technology in different sector and how the researchers differentiated those. Here we have added fifteen abstract on the different segments of technology and also discussed those in our own language that what actually we would be able to understand from those abstracts. We also recommended what should be done to enhance technological use more. INTRODUCTION 1. Are the employees satisfied with the new technology? 2. How new technology motivate employee to do their work more? 3. How new technology increase employee motivation? 4. What are the employee attitudes toward new technology? 5. How close new technology change employee attitude toward organization? 6. What are the employee attitudes toward new technology)? These are the question which helps us to doing this report. Our main purpose is to know how the new technology satisfied the employee. How new technology motivate employee to do their work more. How new technology increase employee motivation. What are the employee attitudes toward new technology? What are the employee attitudes toward new technology? This question basically gives new answers and ideas as well. Answers of these questions will increase organizations productivity as well as will reduce the rate of turnover. When we will enter in our job sector or in the corporate world being as a HR manager it will be easy for us to take the big decisions whether my employees are motivated by the new technology or not, whether they are satisfied with the technological change or not. How employees react with the new technology? This research is not the final as practical experience and the theoretical assessment is totally two different scenarios. METHOD To begin the report, we needed to at fast found some specific question on technology. From there we found some key word. For example technologys relation with motivation, satisfaction, attitude performance, and health .from this topic we found some more to the point questions. Then by browsing through several website like INFORMA WORLD, GOOGLR we found some related abstract of this question. We acknowledged the knowledge of researchers. This is how we made this report. RESULT 1. Science and technology for wealth and health in developing countries Author: T. Acharya a Publication Frequency: 6 issues per year Published in: Global Public Health, Volume 2, Issue 1 January 2007 , pages 53 63 Subjects: AIDS HIV; Behavioral Medicine; Development Soc Sci; Globalisation; Health Geography; Health Policy; Medical Sociology; Public Health Medical Sociology; Risk; Third World Studies; Formats available: HTML (English) : PDF (English) Article Requests: Order Reprints : Request Permissions Abstract It is now widely accepted that the developing world needs to invest in science and technology or risk falling behind as the technology gap between the North and South widens. However, these investments must be balanced by continued investment in basic population-wide services, such as healthcare and water supply and sanitation. Achieving this balance is a matter of ongoing debate in policy circles, and leaders and policy-makers in developing countries often have to make difficult decisions that pit investment in new technologies and capacity-building in science and technology against basic population-wide services such as healthcare and water supply and sanitation. The tension is underscored by evidence which suggests that rapidly industrializing economies, like in China, India and Brazil, are actually experiencing a rise in economic and health disparities among their populations. This article shows that science and technology can make an important and vital contribution to developme nt, using public health as an example. It suggests the need to focus investments in science and technology in such a way that they can have a positive impact on public health. For instance, the use of simple, hand-held molecular diagnostic tools can help unskilled health workers rapidly and accurately diagnose diseases, thus helping to reduce healthcare costs due to delayed or incorrect diagnoses. Recombinant vaccines can mitigate the risk of infection associated with live or attenuated vaccines, while needle-less delivery methods can help contain the spread of blood-borne infections. Critical to making technology investments work for population health are government policies and strategies that align public health goals and technology priorities. Such policies can include cross-sectoral training programs to improve dialogue between the technology and health sectors, setting up technology transfer cells to increase commercialization of health research relevant to local needs, and le veraging the phenomenon of low-margin high-volume marketing for health products. 2. A theoretical model of health information technology usage behavior with implications for patient safety Authors: Richard J. Holden ab; Ben-Tzion Karsh a Publication Frequency: 6 issues per year Published in: Behaviour Information Technology, Volume 28, Issue 1 January 2009 , pages 21 38 First Published: January 2009 Subjects: Behavioral Psychology; Health Safety Aspects of Computing; Human Computer Interaction; Human Performance Modelling; Social Aspects of Computing IT; User Interface; Web Usability; Formats available: HTML (English) : PDF (English) Article Requests: Order Reprints : Request Permissions Abstract Primary objective: Much research and practice related to the design and implementation of information technology in health care has been atheoretical. It is argued that using extant theory to develop testable models of health information technology (HIT) benefits both research and practice. Methods and procedures: several theories of motivation, decision making, and technology acceptance are reviewed and associated theory-based principles of HIT usage behaviour are produced. Main outcomes and results: the case of medical error reporting technology is used to support the validity of the proposed HIT usage behaviour principles. Further, combining these principles produces a testable, theoretical multilevel model of HIT usage behaviour. The model provides an alternative to atheoretical research and practice related to HIT. Conclusions: developing, testing, and revising models of HIT like the one presented here is suggested to be beneficial to researchers and practitioners alike. 3. The Effect of New Technologies on Job Satisfaction and Psychosomatic Complaints Authors: James P. Guthrie a; Patrick C. Flood b; Wenchuan Liu c; Sarah MacCurtain Publication Frequency: 12 issues per year Published in: The International Journal of Human Resource Management, Volume 20, Issue 1 January 2009 , pages 112 125 Subject: Personnel and Human Resource Management; Formats available: HTML (English) : PDF (English) Article Requests: Order Reprints : Request Permissions Abstract This study investigated the effects of new technologies, specifically visual display units, on psychosomatic complaints and job satisfaction. Attention was focused on the influences of the work situation (job contents, employee participation), of attitudes and individual differences. A partly longitudinal research design was used to study 171 employees of seven companies (involved in construction, office work, and simple services). Measurements were taken 2 months before and 12 months after the conversion to new technologies. Job contents and employee participation were measured by objective instruments. New technologies increased psychosomatic complaints and changed job satisfaction, but the degree of change in these two variables depended on job contents, level of employee participation, and gender. Interactions between type of activity, participation, and gender were found and discussed as typical signs of the work situation with new technologies. Furthermore, effects of work with new technologies were interrelated with attitudes and individual differences. While the implementation of new technology as such made no significant contribution to the explanation of strain variables, a reasonable model fit was achieved when implementation characteristics were taken into account. The data suggest that negative effects of implementations must be expected if (1) adaptational demands do not include the enhancement of employee qualifications, (2) character-based user interfaces are not replaced, and (3) employees have few or no opportunities to participate in the implementation process. 4. Employee attitudes toward new technology in a unionized manufacturing plant Authors: Laszlo A. Pook a; M. Ellen Pook; Jaacutenos Fuumlstoumls b (Show Biographies) Publication Frequency: 4 issues per year Published in: Journal of East-West Business, Volume 6, Issue 3 March 2001 , pages 93 110 Formats available: PDF (English) Article Requests: Order Reprints : Request Permissions Abstract: The most important elements that influence how employees view technological change within organizations are formal advance notices of new technology, pre-existing job and power structure differences during the implementation of the changes, and work environment. Employee attitudes toward new technology in the workplace are more strongly affected by organizational rather than technical factors as commonly thought. Labor unions, contrary to popular belief, view technological change positively, and can be a contributing factor to the facilitation of change within the firm. 5. Effects of the implementation of information technology on employees strain and job satisfaction Authors: Christian Korunka; Oliver Vitouch Publication Frequency: 4 issues per year Published in: Work Stress, Volume 13, Issue 4 October 1999 , pages 341 363 Subjects: Behavioral Medicine; Health Psychology; Occupational/Industrial Health Safety; Office Workplace; Work Organizational Psychology; Formats available: PDF (English) Article Requests: Order Reprints : Request Permissions Abstract The effects on staff of the implementation of new office information technology were investigated in ten companies in Vienna using a longitudinal design. Strain and satisfaction of 331 employees (implementation sample: n = 212; control sample: n = 119) were measured at five points in time over a period of 22 months. The study is based on a context-dependent approach. Personal factors (individual differences, external load) were assessed by questionnaires and situational factors (job design, implementation content and implementation context) by objective measures. The impact of these factors on employees strain responses was tested using structural equation modeling (SEM). While the implementation of new technology as such made no significant contribution to the explanation of strain variables, a reasonable model fit was achieved when implementation characteristics were taken into account. The data suggest that negative effects of implementations must be expected if (1) adaptation dem ands do not include the enhancement of employee qualifications, (2) character-based user interfaces are not 6. The effects of new technology adoption on employee skills in the prosthetics profession Authors: H. Wagner a; A. Dainty b; R. Hague a; C. Tuck a; M. H. Ong a Publication Frequency: 24 issues per year Published in: International Journal of Production Research, Volume 46, Issue 22 November 2008 , pages 6461 6478 First Published: November 2008 Subjects: Logistics; Manufacturing Engineering; Manufacturing Industries; Manufacturing Technology; Operations Management; Production Quality Control Management; Production Research Economics; Production Systems; Production Systems Automation; Formats available: HTML (English) : PDF (English) Article Requests: Order Reprints : Request Permissions Abstract Rapid manufacturing (RM) is an emerging technology that is set to revolutionize how products are manufactured. Past research has centred on processes, materials and costing, neglecting the vital issue of how the implementation of this new technology will affect the skills of workers. This work aims to evaluate how the skills of professionals working in the field of prosthetics are likely to be affected by the introduction of RM. Currently a highly skilled, manual process, this paper explores the hypothesis that the manufacture of prosthetic sockets would change fundamentally with the introduction of RM technology. This was evaluated through the use of the job characteristics model, which assesses the skills change and job satisfaction implications of applying new technology to traditional manufacturing processes. Conclusions showed that RM would have a significant impact on job roles in the prosthetics industry. Analysis found a positive outlook for the prosthetist, with the new tech nology increasing computer-based skills, and traditional prosthetic skills continuing to be used. The prosthetic technician bears the major impact 7. Risks in new product development and the satisfaction of Employees through technology Author: O. Joseph Akomode Published in: Production Planning Control, Volume 10, Issue 1 January 1999 , pages 35 47 Subjects: Engineering Project Management; Manufacturing Engineering; Operational Research; Operations Management; Production Quality Control Management; Production Systems; Quality Control Reliability; Abstract quately determined, poorly structured, under evaluated and vaguely expressed, problems may be increased in the subsequent risk management programme. This paper discusses the evaluation of risk elements associated with the development ofnew products/servicesand proposes a risk assessment method/ model for: (a) selecting potential products/services as a When risk factors associated with the development of a new product/service and customers satisfaction are inade tive mechanism; and (b) monitoring and measuring customers satisfaction. The main aims are to assist managers and other professionals with an analytical framework based on the potential of Information Technology (IT) for: (i) effective evaluation of business risks relating to the prediction and development of new products/services; and (ii) monitoring, measurement, feedback and control of customers satisfaction. The proposed method and models include the application of: (a) multicriteria decision making involving the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP); (b) statistical computation involving Cronbachs reliability coefficient; and (c) survey validity. The proposed framework may support business risk evaluators concerned with the development of new products/services and the assessment of customers satisfaction in effective decision making, especially when attempting to improve a firms competitiveness and increase its profitability. Keywords: Risk; Evaluation; New; Product; Development; Analytic; Hierarchy; Process; Measuring; Customers; Satisfaction; Reliability/validity 8. The intention behavior gap in technology usage: the moderating role of attitude strength Authors: A. Bhattacherjee a; C. Sanford b b Department of MIS, College of Commerce, National Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan Published in: Behaviour Information Technology First Published on: 29 January 2009 Subjects: Behavioral Psychology; Health Safety Aspects of Computing; Human Computer Interaction; Human Performance Modelling; Social Aspects of Computing IT; User Interface; Web Usability; Abstract Extant theories of information technology (IT) usage present users behavioural intention as the primary predictor of their IT usage behaviour. However, empirical evidence reveals only a low-to-medium effect size for this association. We call this inconsistency the ‘intention-behaviour gap, and argue that a clearer understanding of this gap requires a deeper theoretical examination of the conditions under which intentions may or may not influence behaviour. Drawing on recent attitude theoretic research in social psychology, we distinguish between two types of attitudes strong versus weak and suggest that the intention-behaviour association may hold for users with strong attitudes but is likely to be weaker for those with weak attitudes. Using the elaboration-likelihood model, we propose two dimensions of attitude strength relevant to the IT usage context personal relevance and related expertise and theorise them to moderate the intention-behaviour association in a positive m anner. Results from a longitudinal field survey of document management system usage among governmental employees at Lviv City Hall, Ukraine support our theoretical hypotheses. Theoretical and practical implications of our findings are discussed. 9. The Influence of Technology-Enabled Customer Relationship Management on Customers Attitude toward Service Quality and Loyalty Authors: Hee â€Å"Andy† Lee a; Carolyn U. Lambert b b Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA Published in: Journal of Foodservice Business Research, Volume 11, Issue 4 December 2008, pages 363 381 Abstract The main objective of this study was to test empirically the Paraguayan and Growls quality-value-loyalty chain model (2000) in a restaurant context. The quality-value-loyalty chain model integrates the importance of relationships between technology and customers, employees, and the company. Survey participants were asked to evaluate scenarios describing a restaurant experience where customized services were provided through information technology and without customized services. The principal finding was that participants evaluated service quality in the customized service setting higher and the assurance factor had a positive linear relationship with attitude toward personal information utilization by a service provider. Keywords: Customer relationship management (CRM); loyalty; service quality; perceived value; quality-value-loyalty chain model 10. Office Technology and Employee Attitudes Authors: Ronald Graef a; Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi a; Susan McManama Gianinno a Publication Frequency: 4 issues per year Published in: Leisure Studies, Volume 2, Issue 2 1983 , pages 155 168 Subjects: Leisure Studies; Social Geography; Formats available: PDF (English) Article Requests: Order Reprints : Request Permissions Abstract The relationship between office computerization and employee gender and organizational level remains relatively unexplored. Based on earlier findings, this study predicted that individual attitudes towards technology would differ according to social background variables and the type of technology used. A survey of 81 office employees confirmed this and found that personal computers had effects statistically different from word processors and mainframe terminals. The implications for researchers as well as practitioners are discussed 11. Measuring intrinsic motivation in everyday life Authors: Urs E. Gattiker, Barbara A. Gutter ,Dale E. Berger Publication Frequency: 3 issues per year SUBJECT: Office Technology and Employee Attitudes Published in: International Journal of Production Research, Volume 46, Issue 22 November 2006 , pages 461 478 First Published: November 2006 Abstract The question of motivation — of what makes people behave the way they do — has always been a primary concern. Since Thorndikes Law of Effect was published in 1911, the reasons for and the prediction of human (and animal) behavior has been extensively researched. The purpose of this paper is to expand motivational research by applying a newly developed research technology to an area of human behavior that has so far not been studied systematically, namely, everyday experiences. Specifically, we are interested in exploring two basic questions about motivation: 1. how often do people describe their everyday experiences as being free and intrinsically motivating; and 2. what is the relationship between intrinsically rewarding experiences and psychological well-being, or the overall sense of satisfaction with ones life 12. Task technology fit and individual performance Author : Dale L. Goodhue Information and decision sciences University of Minnesota Subject: Task Technology Fit and individual performance Minneapolis. MN 55455 U.S.A Abstract A key concern in information system research has been to better understand the linkage between information system and individual performance. The research reported in this study has two primary objectives. (1) To propose a comprehensive theoretical model that incorporates valuable insights from two complementary streams of research and (2) To empirically test the core of the model. At the heart of the new model is the assertion that for an information technology to have a positive impact on individual performance 13. Technologist-entrepreneurs versus non-entrepreneurial technologists: analysis of motivational triggering factors Authors: Erkko Autio a; Ilkka Kauranen a Published in: Entrepreneurship Regional Development, Volume 6, Issue 4 October 1994 , pages 315 328 Subjects: Economic Geography; Entrepreneurship; Regional Geography Human Geography; Abstract Here the motivational characteristics of technologist-entrepreneurs and non-entrepreneurial technologists are compared. A factor analysis divides entrepreneurial motivations into four groups: exploitation of environmental opportunities, internal personal motivations, technology push motivations, and market pull motivations. The analysis suggests that, of these, internal personal motivations may be decisive for the decision to establish a new firm. While non-entrepreneurial technologists stress the importance of environmental, opportunities, technologist-entrepreneurs stress the importance of internal personal motivations. Technology push motivations and market pull motivations do not seem to distinguish technologist-entrepreneurs from non-entrepreneurial technologists. These findings have implications for the efforts to encourage the formation of new, technology-based firms in research communities. It is recommended that, in addition to designing support programmes aimed at encouragi ng researchers to establish new firms, increased effort should be directed at attracting potential entrepreneurs to research institutions. This aim can be achieved, for example, by working conditions in the research institutions emulating those of the science park. 14. The Influence of Technology-Enabled Employee Relationship Management on Employees Attitude Toward Service Quality and Loyalty Authors: Hee â€Å"Andy† Lee a; Carolyn U. Lambert b Published in: Journal of Foodservice Business Research, Volume 11, Issue 4 December 2008 , pages 363 381 Subjects: Behavioral Psychology; Health Safety Aspects of Computing; Human Computer Interaction; Human Performance Modelling; Social Aspects of Computing IT; User Interface; Web Usability; Abstract The main objective of this study was to test empirically the Parasuraman and Grewals quality-value-loyalty chain model (2000) in a restaurant context. The quality-value-loyalty chain model integrates the importance of relationships between technology and customers, employees, and the company. Survey participants were asked to evaluate scenarios describing a restaurant experience where customized services were provided through information technology and without customized services. The principal finding was that participants evaluated service quality in the customized service setting higher and the assurance factor had a positive linear relationship with attitude toward personal information utilization by a service provider. 15. The Intention-behavior gap in technology usage: the moderating role of attitude strength Authors: Laszlo A. Pook a; M. Ellen Pook; Jaacutenos Fuumlstoumls b (Show Biographies) Publication Frequency: 4 issues per year Published in: Journal of East-West Business, Volume 6, Issue 3 March 2001 , pages 93 110 Formats available: PDF (English) Article Requests: Order Reprints : Request Permissions Abstract Extant theories of information technology (IT) usage present users behavioral intention as the primary predictor of their IT usage behaviour. However, empirical evidence reveals only a low-to-medium effect size for this association. We call this inconsistency the ‘intention-behaviour gap, and argue that a clearer understanding of this gap requires a deeper theoretical examination of the conditions under which intentions may or may not influence behaviour. Drawing on recent attitude theoretic research in social psychology, we distinguish between two types of attitudes strong versus weak and suggest that the intention-behaviour association may hold for users with strong attitudes but is likely to be weaker for those with weak attitudes. Using the elaboration-likelihood model, we propose two dimensions of attitude strength relevant to the IT usage context personal relevance and related expertise and theorise them to moderate the intention-behaviour association in a positive ma nner. Results from a longitudinal field survey of document management system usage among governmental employees at Lviv City Hall, Ukraine support our theoretical hypotheses. Theoretical and practical implications of our findings are discussed. DISCUTION 1. Developing world needs to improve technology to compete with the developed countries and getting the facility of work as well. This article shows that science and technology can make an important and vital contribution to development, using public health as an example. It suggests the need to focus investments in science and technology in such a way that they can have a positive impact on public health This study explained the topic dividing it into 4 parts, (1) Primary objective, (2) . Methods and procedures, (3) Main outcomes and results, (4) Conclusions. Using these three points much research and implication has been completed. several theories of motivation, decision making, and technology acceptance are reviewed and associated theory-based principles of HIT usage behavior are produced 3. Here the main findings is effects of new technologies, specifically visual display units, on psychosomatic complaints and job satisfaction. Basically it drew the Attention which was focused on the influences of the work situation (job contents, employee participation), of attitudes and individual differences 4. How employees view technological change within organizations are formal advance notices of new technology, pre-existing job and power structure differences during the implementation of the changes, and work environment that is the prime focus in this abstract. Employee attitudes toward new technology in the workplace are more strongly affected by organizational rather than technical factors as commonly thought. This study is basically context dependent approach where there is a survey on ten companies mentioned here and also mentioned the longitudinal design of Vienna. The implementation of new technology as such made no significant contribution to the explanation of strain variables; a reasonable model fit was achieved when implementation characteristics were taken into account. This was evaluated through the use of the job characteristics model, which assesses the skills change and job satisfaction implications of applying new technology to traditional manufacturing processes. The prosthetic technician bears the major impact, deskilled by the loss of many of the craft skills. However, the new role may appeal to the younger generation, and lowered skill requirements may help increase prosthetics services worldwide. The proposed framework may support business risk evaluators concerned with the development of new products/services and the assessment of employee satisfaction in effective decision making, especially when attempting to improve a firms competitiveness and increase its profitability. Drawing on recent attitude theoretic research in social psychology, we distinguish between two types of attitudes strong versus weak and suggest that the intention-behaviour association may hold for users with strong attitudes but is likely to be weaker for those with weak attitudes. The principal finding was that participants evaluated service quality in the customized service setting higher and the assurance factor had a positive linear relationship with attitude toward personal information utilization by a service provider. This study predicted that individual attitudes towards technology would differ according to social background variables and the type of technology used 11. The purpose of this paper is to expand motivational research by applying a newly developed research technology to an area of human behavior that has so far not been studied systematically, namely, everyday experiences. Specifically, we are interested in exploring two basic questions about motivation The research reported in this study has two primary objectives. To propose a comprehensive theoretical model that incorporates valuable insights from two complementary streams of research and To empirically test the core of the model. At the heart of the new model is the assertion that for an information technology to have a positive impact on individual performance. Technology push motivations and market pull motivations do not seem to distinguish technologist-entrepreneurs from non-entrepreneurial technologists. These findings have implications for the efforts to encourage the formation of new, technology-based firms in research communities. To test empirically the Parasuraman and Grewals quality-value-loyalty chain model (2000) in a restaurant context is the main objective of this study. The quality-value-loyalty chain model integrates t Effect of Technology on Employee Satisfaction Effect of Technology on Employee Satisfaction Technology and employee attitude, Motivation, Job satisfaction and Health ABSTRACT While creating this report we tried to present technology from different point of view. We can see that the technology has both a positive and negative side in society. Positive in a sense that peoples life cycle is changing. They are motivated to do work. Even the companies can expand their business and can be connected by network with the other branches. Technology development is also seen beneficial for health. New equipments are invented that is causing various maladies to be cured. Technology has a huge impact on performance of people. They are enthusiastic to do any kind of job which is related to the technology. So the help of technology in our life is countless yet since it leads to deskilling. An effect on worker who once needed a skill but no longer needed as it has been taken up by new technology. Technology has made people idle as well as made the work easier and time consuming for the people. In this whole report we basically focused on how technology has impact on indiv idual segment like employee attitude, motivation, job satisfaction and health. A study investigated the effects of new technologies, specifically visual display units, on psychosomatic complaints and job satisfaction. Attention was focused on the influences of the work situation (job contents, employee participation), of attitudes and individual differences. The report contains the effect of technology in different sector and how the researchers differentiated those. Here we have added fifteen abstract on the different segments of technology and also discussed those in our own language that what actually we would be able to understand from those abstracts. We also recommended what should be done to enhance technological use more. INTRODUCTION 1. Are the employees satisfied with the new technology? 2. How new technology motivate employee to do their work more? 3. How new technology increase employee motivation? 4. What are the employee attitudes toward new technology? 5. How close new technology change employee attitude toward organization? 6. What are the employee attitudes toward new technology)? These are the question which helps us to doing this report. Our main purpose is to know how the new technology satisfied the employee. How new technology motivate employee to do their work more. How new technology increase employee motivation. What are the employee attitudes toward new technology? What are the employee attitudes toward new technology? This question basically gives new answers and ideas as well. Answers of these questions will increase organizations productivity as well as will reduce the rate of turnover. When we will enter in our job sector or in the corporate world being as a HR manager it will be easy for us to take the big decisions whether my employees are motivated by the new technology or not, whether they are satisfied with the technological change or not. How employees react with the new technology? This research is not the final as practical experience and the theoretical assessment is totally two different scenarios. METHOD To begin the report, we needed to at fast found some specific question on technology. From there we found some key word. For example technologys relation with motivation, satisfaction, attitude performance, and health .from this topic we found some more to the point questions. Then by browsing through several website like INFORMA WORLD, GOOGLR we found some related abstract of this question. We acknowledged the knowledge of researchers. This is how we made this report. RESULT 1. Science and technology for wealth and health in developing countries Author: T. Acharya a Publication Frequency: 6 issues per year Published in: Global Public Health, Volume 2, Issue 1 January 2007 , pages 53 63 Subjects: AIDS HIV; Behavioral Medicine; Development Soc Sci; Globalisation; Health Geography; Health Policy; Medical Sociology; Public Health Medical Sociology; Risk; Third World Studies; Formats available: HTML (English) : PDF (English) Article Requests: Order Reprints : Request Permissions Abstract It is now widely accepted that the developing world needs to invest in science and technology or risk falling behind as the technology gap between the North and South widens. However, these investments must be balanced by continued investment in basic population-wide services, such as healthcare and water supply and sanitation. Achieving this balance is a matter of ongoing debate in policy circles, and leaders and policy-makers in developing countries often have to make difficult decisions that pit investment in new technologies and capacity-building in science and technology against basic population-wide services such as healthcare and water supply and sanitation. The tension is underscored by evidence which suggests that rapidly industrializing economies, like in China, India and Brazil, are actually experiencing a rise in economic and health disparities among their populations. This article shows that science and technology can make an important and vital contribution to developme nt, using public health as an example. It suggests the need to focus investments in science and technology in such a way that they can have a positive impact on public health. For instance, the use of simple, hand-held molecular diagnostic tools can help unskilled health workers rapidly and accurately diagnose diseases, thus helping to reduce healthcare costs due to delayed or incorrect diagnoses. Recombinant vaccines can mitigate the risk of infection associated with live or attenuated vaccines, while needle-less delivery methods can help contain the spread of blood-borne infections. Critical to making technology investments work for population health are government policies and strategies that align public health goals and technology priorities. Such policies can include cross-sectoral training programs to improve dialogue between the technology and health sectors, setting up technology transfer cells to increase commercialization of health research relevant to local needs, and le veraging the phenomenon of low-margin high-volume marketing for health products. 2. A theoretical model of health information technology usage behavior with implications for patient safety Authors: Richard J. Holden ab; Ben-Tzion Karsh a Publication Frequency: 6 issues per year Published in: Behaviour Information Technology, Volume 28, Issue 1 January 2009 , pages 21 38 First Published: January 2009 Subjects: Behavioral Psychology; Health Safety Aspects of Computing; Human Computer Interaction; Human Performance Modelling; Social Aspects of Computing IT; User Interface; Web Usability; Formats available: HTML (English) : PDF (English) Article Requests: Order Reprints : Request Permissions Abstract Primary objective: Much research and practice related to the design and implementation of information technology in health care has been atheoretical. It is argued that using extant theory to develop testable models of health information technology (HIT) benefits both research and practice. Methods and procedures: several theories of motivation, decision making, and technology acceptance are reviewed and associated theory-based principles of HIT usage behaviour are produced. Main outcomes and results: the case of medical error reporting technology is used to support the validity of the proposed HIT usage behaviour principles. Further, combining these principles produces a testable, theoretical multilevel model of HIT usage behaviour. The model provides an alternative to atheoretical research and practice related to HIT. Conclusions: developing, testing, and revising models of HIT like the one presented here is suggested to be beneficial to researchers and practitioners alike. 3. The Effect of New Technologies on Job Satisfaction and Psychosomatic Complaints Authors: James P. Guthrie a; Patrick C. Flood b; Wenchuan Liu c; Sarah MacCurtain Publication Frequency: 12 issues per year Published in: The International Journal of Human Resource Management, Volume 20, Issue 1 January 2009 , pages 112 125 Subject: Personnel and Human Resource Management; Formats available: HTML (English) : PDF (English) Article Requests: Order Reprints : Request Permissions Abstract This study investigated the effects of new technologies, specifically visual display units, on psychosomatic complaints and job satisfaction. Attention was focused on the influences of the work situation (job contents, employee participation), of attitudes and individual differences. A partly longitudinal research design was used to study 171 employees of seven companies (involved in construction, office work, and simple services). Measurements were taken 2 months before and 12 months after the conversion to new technologies. Job contents and employee participation were measured by objective instruments. New technologies increased psychosomatic complaints and changed job satisfaction, but the degree of change in these two variables depended on job contents, level of employee participation, and gender. Interactions between type of activity, participation, and gender were found and discussed as typical signs of the work situation with new technologies. Furthermore, effects of work with new technologies were interrelated with attitudes and individual differences. While the implementation of new technology as such made no significant contribution to the explanation of strain variables, a reasonable model fit was achieved when implementation characteristics were taken into account. The data suggest that negative effects of implementations must be expected if (1) adaptational demands do not include the enhancement of employee qualifications, (2) character-based user interfaces are not replaced, and (3) employees have few or no opportunities to participate in the implementation process. 4. Employee attitudes toward new technology in a unionized manufacturing plant Authors: Laszlo A. Pook a; M. Ellen Pook; Jaacutenos Fuumlstoumls b (Show Biographies) Publication Frequency: 4 issues per year Published in: Journal of East-West Business, Volume 6, Issue 3 March 2001 , pages 93 110 Formats available: PDF (English) Article Requests: Order Reprints : Request Permissions Abstract: The most important elements that influence how employees view technological change within organizations are formal advance notices of new technology, pre-existing job and power structure differences during the implementation of the changes, and work environment. Employee attitudes toward new technology in the workplace are more strongly affected by organizational rather than technical factors as commonly thought. Labor unions, contrary to popular belief, view technological change positively, and can be a contributing factor to the facilitation of change within the firm. 5. Effects of the implementation of information technology on employees strain and job satisfaction Authors: Christian Korunka; Oliver Vitouch Publication Frequency: 4 issues per year Published in: Work Stress, Volume 13, Issue 4 October 1999 , pages 341 363 Subjects: Behavioral Medicine; Health Psychology; Occupational/Industrial Health Safety; Office Workplace; Work Organizational Psychology; Formats available: PDF (English) Article Requests: Order Reprints : Request Permissions Abstract The effects on staff of the implementation of new office information technology were investigated in ten companies in Vienna using a longitudinal design. Strain and satisfaction of 331 employees (implementation sample: n = 212; control sample: n = 119) were measured at five points in time over a period of 22 months. The study is based on a context-dependent approach. Personal factors (individual differences, external load) were assessed by questionnaires and situational factors (job design, implementation content and implementation context) by objective measures. The impact of these factors on employees strain responses was tested using structural equation modeling (SEM). While the implementation of new technology as such made no significant contribution to the explanation of strain variables, a reasonable model fit was achieved when implementation characteristics were taken into account. The data suggest that negative effects of implementations must be expected if (1) adaptation dem ands do not include the enhancement of employee qualifications, (2) character-based user interfaces are not 6. The effects of new technology adoption on employee skills in the prosthetics profession Authors: H. Wagner a; A. Dainty b; R. Hague a; C. Tuck a; M. H. Ong a Publication Frequency: 24 issues per year Published in: International Journal of Production Research, Volume 46, Issue 22 November 2008 , pages 6461 6478 First Published: November 2008 Subjects: Logistics; Manufacturing Engineering; Manufacturing Industries; Manufacturing Technology; Operations Management; Production Quality Control Management; Production Research Economics; Production Systems; Production Systems Automation; Formats available: HTML (English) : PDF (English) Article Requests: Order Reprints : Request Permissions Abstract Rapid manufacturing (RM) is an emerging technology that is set to revolutionize how products are manufactured. Past research has centred on processes, materials and costing, neglecting the vital issue of how the implementation of this new technology will affect the skills of workers. This work aims to evaluate how the skills of professionals working in the field of prosthetics are likely to be affected by the introduction of RM. Currently a highly skilled, manual process, this paper explores the hypothesis that the manufacture of prosthetic sockets would change fundamentally with the introduction of RM technology. This was evaluated through the use of the job characteristics model, which assesses the skills change and job satisfaction implications of applying new technology to traditional manufacturing processes. Conclusions showed that RM would have a significant impact on job roles in the prosthetics industry. Analysis found a positive outlook for the prosthetist, with the new tech nology increasing computer-based skills, and traditional prosthetic skills continuing to be used. The prosthetic technician bears the major impact 7. Risks in new product development and the satisfaction of Employees through technology Author: O. Joseph Akomode Published in: Production Planning Control, Volume 10, Issue 1 January 1999 , pages 35 47 Subjects: Engineering Project Management; Manufacturing Engineering; Operational Research; Operations Management; Production Quality Control Management; Production Systems; Quality Control Reliability; Abstract quately determined, poorly structured, under evaluated and vaguely expressed, problems may be increased in the subsequent risk management programme. This paper discusses the evaluation of risk elements associated with the development ofnew products/servicesand proposes a risk assessment method/ model for: (a) selecting potential products/services as a When risk factors associated with the development of a new product/service and customers satisfaction are inade tive mechanism; and (b) monitoring and measuring customers satisfaction. The main aims are to assist managers and other professionals with an analytical framework based on the potential of Information Technology (IT) for: (i) effective evaluation of business risks relating to the prediction and development of new products/services; and (ii) monitoring, measurement, feedback and control of customers satisfaction. The proposed method and models include the application of: (a) multicriteria decision making involving the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP); (b) statistical computation involving Cronbachs reliability coefficient; and (c) survey validity. The proposed framework may support business risk evaluators concerned with the development of new products/services and the assessment of customers satisfaction in effective decision making, especially when attempting to improve a firms competitiveness and increase its profitability. Keywords: Risk; Evaluation; New; Product; Development; Analytic; Hierarchy; Process; Measuring; Customers; Satisfaction; Reliability/validity 8. The intention behavior gap in technology usage: the moderating role of attitude strength Authors: A. Bhattacherjee a; C. Sanford b b Department of MIS, College of Commerce, National Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan Published in: Behaviour Information Technology First Published on: 29 January 2009 Subjects: Behavioral Psychology; Health Safety Aspects of Computing; Human Computer Interaction; Human Performance Modelling; Social Aspects of Computing IT; User Interface; Web Usability; Abstract Extant theories of information technology (IT) usage present users behavioural intention as the primary predictor of their IT usage behaviour. However, empirical evidence reveals only a low-to-medium effect size for this association. We call this inconsistency the ‘intention-behaviour gap, and argue that a clearer understanding of this gap requires a deeper theoretical examination of the conditions under which intentions may or may not influence behaviour. Drawing on recent attitude theoretic research in social psychology, we distinguish between two types of attitudes strong versus weak and suggest that the intention-behaviour association may hold for users with strong attitudes but is likely to be weaker for those with weak attitudes. Using the elaboration-likelihood model, we propose two dimensions of attitude strength relevant to the IT usage context personal relevance and related expertise and theorise them to moderate the intention-behaviour association in a positive m anner. Results from a longitudinal field survey of document management system usage among governmental employees at Lviv City Hall, Ukraine support our theoretical hypotheses. Theoretical and practical implications of our findings are discussed. 9. The Influence of Technology-Enabled Customer Relationship Management on Customers Attitude toward Service Quality and Loyalty Authors: Hee â€Å"Andy† Lee a; Carolyn U. Lambert b b Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA Published in: Journal of Foodservice Business Research, Volume 11, Issue 4 December 2008, pages 363 381 Abstract The main objective of this study was to test empirically the Paraguayan and Growls quality-value-loyalty chain model (2000) in a restaurant context. The quality-value-loyalty chain model integrates the importance of relationships between technology and customers, employees, and the company. Survey participants were asked to evaluate scenarios describing a restaurant experience where customized services were provided through information technology and without customized services. The principal finding was that participants evaluated service quality in the customized service setting higher and the assurance factor had a positive linear relationship with attitude toward personal information utilization by a service provider. Keywords: Customer relationship management (CRM); loyalty; service quality; perceived value; quality-value-loyalty chain model 10. Office Technology and Employee Attitudes Authors: Ronald Graef a; Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi a; Susan McManama Gianinno a Publication Frequency: 4 issues per year Published in: Leisure Studies, Volume 2, Issue 2 1983 , pages 155 168 Subjects: Leisure Studies; Social Geography; Formats available: PDF (English) Article Requests: Order Reprints : Request Permissions Abstract The relationship between office computerization and employee gender and organizational level remains relatively unexplored. Based on earlier findings, this study predicted that individual attitudes towards technology would differ according to social background variables and the type of technology used. A survey of 81 office employees confirmed this and found that personal computers had effects statistically different from word processors and mainframe terminals. The implications for researchers as well as practitioners are discussed 11. Measuring intrinsic motivation in everyday life Authors: Urs E. Gattiker, Barbara A. Gutter ,Dale E. Berger Publication Frequency: 3 issues per year SUBJECT: Office Technology and Employee Attitudes Published in: International Journal of Production Research, Volume 46, Issue 22 November 2006 , pages 461 478 First Published: November 2006 Abstract The question of motivation — of what makes people behave the way they do — has always been a primary concern. Since Thorndikes Law of Effect was published in 1911, the reasons for and the prediction of human (and animal) behavior has been extensively researched. The purpose of this paper is to expand motivational research by applying a newly developed research technology to an area of human behavior that has so far not been studied systematically, namely, everyday experiences. Specifically, we are interested in exploring two basic questions about motivation: 1. how often do people describe their everyday experiences as being free and intrinsically motivating; and 2. what is the relationship between intrinsically rewarding experiences and psychological well-being, or the overall sense of satisfaction with ones life 12. Task technology fit and individual performance Author : Dale L. Goodhue Information and decision sciences University of Minnesota Subject: Task Technology Fit and individual performance Minneapolis. MN 55455 U.S.A Abstract A key concern in information system research has been to better understand the linkage between information system and individual performance. The research reported in this study has two primary objectives. (1) To propose a comprehensive theoretical model that incorporates valuable insights from two complementary streams of research and (2) To empirically test the core of the model. At the heart of the new model is the assertion that for an information technology to have a positive impact on individual performance 13. Technologist-entrepreneurs versus non-entrepreneurial technologists: analysis of motivational triggering factors Authors: Erkko Autio a; Ilkka Kauranen a Published in: Entrepreneurship Regional Development, Volume 6, Issue 4 October 1994 , pages 315 328 Subjects: Economic Geography; Entrepreneurship; Regional Geography Human Geography; Abstract Here the motivational characteristics of technologist-entrepreneurs and non-entrepreneurial technologists are compared. A factor analysis divides entrepreneurial motivations into four groups: exploitation of environmental opportunities, internal personal motivations, technology push motivations, and market pull motivations. The analysis suggests that, of these, internal personal motivations may be decisive for the decision to establish a new firm. While non-entrepreneurial technologists stress the importance of environmental, opportunities, technologist-entrepreneurs stress the importance of internal personal motivations. Technology push motivations and market pull motivations do not seem to distinguish technologist-entrepreneurs from non-entrepreneurial technologists. These findings have implications for the efforts to encourage the formation of new, technology-based firms in research communities. It is recommended that, in addition to designing support programmes aimed at encouragi ng researchers to establish new firms, increased effort should be directed at attracting potential entrepreneurs to research institutions. This aim can be achieved, for example, by working conditions in the research institutions emulating those of the science park. 14. The Influence of Technology-Enabled Employee Relationship Management on Employees Attitude Toward Service Quality and Loyalty Authors: Hee â€Å"Andy† Lee a; Carolyn U. Lambert b Published in: Journal of Foodservice Business Research, Volume 11, Issue 4 December 2008 , pages 363 381 Subjects: Behavioral Psychology; Health Safety Aspects of Computing; Human Computer Interaction; Human Performance Modelling; Social Aspects of Computing IT; User Interface; Web Usability; Abstract The main objective of this study was to test empirically the Parasuraman and Grewals quality-value-loyalty chain model (2000) in a restaurant context. The quality-value-loyalty chain model integrates the importance of relationships between technology and customers, employees, and the company. Survey participants were asked to evaluate scenarios describing a restaurant experience where customized services were provided through information technology and without customized services. The principal finding was that participants evaluated service quality in the customized service setting higher and the assurance factor had a positive linear relationship with attitude toward personal information utilization by a service provider. 15. The Intention-behavior gap in technology usage: the moderating role of attitude strength Authors: Laszlo A. Pook a; M. Ellen Pook; Jaacutenos Fuumlstoumls b (Show Biographies) Publication Frequency: 4 issues per year Published in: Journal of East-West Business, Volume 6, Issue 3 March 2001 , pages 93 110 Formats available: PDF (English) Article Requests: Order Reprints : Request Permissions Abstract Extant theories of information technology (IT) usage present users behavioral intention as the primary predictor of their IT usage behaviour. However, empirical evidence reveals only a low-to-medium effect size for this association. We call this inconsistency the ‘intention-behaviour gap, and argue that a clearer understanding of this gap requires a deeper theoretical examination of the conditions under which intentions may or may not influence behaviour. Drawing on recent attitude theoretic research in social psychology, we distinguish between two types of attitudes strong versus weak and suggest that the intention-behaviour association may hold for users with strong attitudes but is likely to be weaker for those with weak attitudes. Using the elaboration-likelihood model, we propose two dimensions of attitude strength relevant to the IT usage context personal relevance and related expertise and theorise them to moderate the intention-behaviour association in a positive ma nner. Results from a longitudinal field survey of document management system usage among governmental employees at Lviv City Hall, Ukraine support our theoretical hypotheses. Theoretical and practical implications of our findings are discussed. DISCUTION 1. Developing world needs to improve technology to compete with the developed countries and getting the facility of work as well. This article shows that science and technology can make an important and vital contribution to development, using public health as an example. It suggests the need to focus investments in science and technology in such a way that they can have a positive impact on public health This study explained the topic dividing it into 4 parts, (1) Primary objective, (2) . Methods and procedures, (3) Main outcomes and results, (4) Conclusions. Using these three points much research and implication has been completed. several theories of motivation, decision making, and technology acceptance are reviewed and associated theory-based principles of HIT usage behavior are produced 3. Here the main findings is effects of new technologies, specifically visual display units, on psychosomatic complaints and job satisfaction. Basically it drew the Attention which was focused on the influences of the work situation (job contents, employee participation), of attitudes and individual differences 4. How employees view technological change within organizations are formal advance notices of new technology, pre-existing job and power structure differences during the implementation of the changes, and work environment that is the prime focus in this abstract. Employee attitudes toward new technology in the workplace are more strongly affected by organizational rather than technical factors as commonly thought. This study is basically context dependent approach where there is a survey on ten companies mentioned here and also mentioned the longitudinal design of Vienna. The implementation of new technology as such made no significant contribution to the explanation of strain variables; a reasonable model fit was achieved when implementation characteristics were taken into account. This was evaluated through the use of the job characteristics model, which assesses the skills change and job satisfaction implications of applying new technology to traditional manufacturing processes. The prosthetic technician bears the major impact, deskilled by the loss of many of the craft skills. However, the new role may appeal to the younger generation, and lowered skill requirements may help increase prosthetics services worldwide. The proposed framework may support business risk evaluators concerned with the development of new products/services and the assessment of employee satisfaction in effective decision making, especially when attempting to improve a firms competitiveness and increase its profitability. Drawing on recent attitude theoretic research in social psychology, we distinguish between two types of attitudes strong versus weak and suggest that the intention-behaviour association may hold for users with strong attitudes but is likely to be weaker for those with weak attitudes. The principal finding was that participants evaluated service quality in the customized service setting higher and the assurance factor had a positive linear relationship with attitude toward personal information utilization by a service provider. This study predicted that individual attitudes towards technology would differ according to social background variables and the type of technology used 11. The purpose of this paper is to expand motivational research by applying a newly developed research technology to an area of human behavior that has so far not been studied systematically, namely, everyday experiences. Specifically, we are interested in exploring two basic questions about motivation The research reported in this study has two primary objectives. To propose a comprehensive theoretical model that incorporates valuable insights from two complementary streams of research and To empirically test the core of the model. At the heart of the new model is the assertion that for an information technology to have a positive impact on individual performance. Technology push motivations and market pull motivations do not seem to distinguish technologist-entrepreneurs from non-entrepreneurial technologists. These findings have implications for the efforts to encourage the formation of new, technology-based firms in research communities. To test empirically the Parasuraman and Grewals quality-value-loyalty chain model (2000) in a restaurant context is the main objective of this study. The quality-value-loyalty chain model integrates t